Argue a global issue presented in or surrounding your short story. How Research Paper

Argue a global issue presented in or surrounding your short story. How stereotyping or judging people affects our society. (base - Research Paper Example We find the women of the village adoring the man, seeing his lovely face and body. The physical qualities of the man makes women attached to him. Villagers translate his physical qualities into his personality (Rabassa, 2010). Women of the village feel sympathy for him and thinks how good it would have been if the man was alive. Villagers feel for the man who is dead. The village people arrange grand funeral arrangements for the man only because he is handsome. The modern world has the same mindset as the people of this village; stereotyping is the core concept that rules the world. Prejudice and stereotyping corrupts relationships. Multicultural societies are under the curse of prejudice and discrimination. Considering the United States as an example we can find that prejudice is the most crucial feature of the society. It is nothing but prejudice that has caused discrimination, oppression and tensions among various racial and ethnic classes in the United States (Forbes, 2010). Prej udice results in racial profiling, alienation, housing segregation, dangerous ethnic jokes and various other problems (GLIMUN, 2009). Prejudice demolishes all types of fellowships. No relationship would abide in the presence of prejudice. The very word racism is defined as a prejudice that makes the members of one race feel themselves intrinsically superior than the members of another race (GLIMUN, 2009). Prejudice reflects segregation, and it has completely blocked the progress of the nation. The term ‘prejudice’ now symbolically represents the life of the negatively privileged minorities in the United States. This strange racial prejudice has resulted into an isolated, ill developed and racially segregated society that has encouraged racial mistrust, senseless conflicts and other discriminations that prevents the society from obtaining true racial equality (United Nations, 2010). Prejudice hinders cooperation and mutual respect and destroys relationships. Prejudice di ssolves the good relationship between people of different race, ethnicity and nationality. Racial prejudice and segregation has resulted in systemic inequalities that stand as a barrier to the development (of the whole society) and personal improvement of individuals. Prejudice has contributed for the widening of the socio-economic gap between superior group (whites) and the minorities (blacks). Racial prejudice has led the nation to various curses like racial profiling. Racial profiling is an act from the side of police (or a private security practice) through which a person is religion unnecessarily suspected because of the inferior nature of his/her race, nationality, ethnicity or religion (Cole and Smith, 2010). Police officers often stop, check, and examine the vehicles of their victims (by force also) without any reason or proof about the misbehavior or criminality of the person (Cole and Smith, 2010) (Cleary, 2000). Racial profiling arises as a result of the wrong prejudice t hat the racially inferior people are likely to commit crimes (though it is not so). African-Americans and Latinos are the victims of racial profiling in most cases. Police has got a general belief that non-white people are mostly drug users and sellers. But studies (reports regarding police stops and checking) have revealed that people who are considered to be racially inferior

Reliability Issues †Centrifugal Slurry Pumps Essay Example for Free

Reliability Issues – Centrifugal Slurry Pumps Essay Introduction Pumps were probably the first machine ever developed, and are now the second most common machine in use around the world, out-numbered only by the electric motor. The very earliest type of pump is now known as a water wheel, Persian wheel or â€Å"noria†, consisting of a wheel of buckets that rotates to pick up water from a stream and dump it into a trough. Another early pump was the â€Å"Archimedean screw†, similar to the modern screw conveyor except that the flights were often fixed to the tube so that the whole arrangement would turn together. Both of these devices are still used, most commonly in basic agricultural applications. Pumps are now produced in an enormous range of types and sizes, for a very wide scope of applications, and this makes it difficult for any individual reference document or organisation to cover â€Å"pumps and pumping† as a general topic. So the broad field of pumping is classified into sub-divisions and then dealt with at that level. In the mining industry, the upper end of the pump scale includes impellers with diameters over 2.5m, slurry lines 10km long, particle size up to 100mm, flow rates handling more than 7000tph, and motors over 10MW. Finer slurries of around 1mm particle size are pumped for hundreds of kilometres in some operations. There are many ways to classify pumps. This just one of them. This document only addresses centrifugal pumps, with a focus on single-stage radial-flow slurry pumps. Centrifugal pumps are capable of meeting duties of up to 1.4 m /s at 30MPa, and higher volumes at lower 3 pressures. The maximum flow rate at low discharge pressure is about 180 m /s. Industrial applications requiring high delivery pressures generally use reciprocating fixed-displacement pumps, but they are limited in the amount of flow they can put out per unit. In general purpose applications, where different types of pumps could all deliver the performance sought, centrifugal pumps are usually the preferred choice due to lower lifecycle costs. Basic Requirements for Reliability Assuming correct pump manufacture and installation, the basic requirements for reliable long-term operation of centrifugal pumps are: 1. Continuous operation at best-efficiency point (BEP) 2. Adequate net positive suction head (NPSH) 3. Low velocity fluid flow within the pump and throughout the system 4. Processing of fluids that are benign ie: a) Chemically and physically stable b) At near-ambient temperatures c) Free of particles likely to cause wear or blockage Pumps of a basic design satisfying all these requirements have run for 50 years and more without major component replacement. The first three requirements are satisfied by matching pump performance to expected duty. Where item 4 cannot be addressed through pre-treatment of the fluid, the pump configuration, geometry and materials must be optimised to give best results. Obviously, item 4.c) is a dominating issue for slurry pumps as it cannot be eliminated and must be managed. Centrifugal Pump Construction Centrifugal pumps have two main sub-assemblies – the rotating parts (impeller, shaft, bearings), and the fixed parts (casing, piping connections, stand, foundations. Pumps of all types may be single stage or multi-stage. Multiple stages are used where it is not practical to generate the necessary discharge pressure using a single impeller. The simplest way to imagine a multi-stage pump is as one pump with its discharge feeding straight into the suction of a second pump so that the overall discharge pressure is increased while the flow rate stays the same. However, this arrangement is properly described as â€Å"single stage pumps in series†. A true multi-stage pump consists of multiple impellers mounted on a single shaft, positioned in a single casing made up of multiple chambers. Multi-stage pumps of this type are not used with slurries, but sometimes slurry pumps are mounted in series. Casing There are two types of casing designs â€Å"volute† and â€Å"diffuser†. A volute casing has a snail’s shell shape, while a diffuser casing has internal vanes. Diffuser casings are rarely used on single-stage radial pumps, and are not commonly used for handling slurries due to the flow restriction and high wear rates that would result. Slurry pumps have volute casings which house the impeller and have a spiral-shaped outer volume that extends 360 degrees and increases in cross-sectional area as it approaches the discharge flange. At full circle the volute overlaps itself, creating the cut-point, also known as â€Å"cut-water point† or â€Å"tongue†. The ideal shape is to have a steady linear increase in cross-sectional area for 360 degrees around the circumference starting from the cut-water point, but this can be difficult to manufacture. Compared to a clear water pump, a slurry pump has a much larger radial gap between cut-water point and impelle r, to reduce risk of blockage. Where a pump is identified as oversize for its duty, and is suffering high recirculation wear, it may be possible to fit liners with an extended cut-water point that throttles the flow. In theory, when a pump operates at its best efficiency point (BEP), the pressure acting on the impeller and casing are uniform. However, in practice the pressure is rarely completely uniform, and if a pump is operating away from its BEP the imbalanced in the radial forces acting on the impeller become significant. These forces are larger for bigger pumps operating at higher pressures. Running a large pump below rated capacity can create unbalanced radial forces that may (over time) damage the bearings or snap the shaft. If it is known that a pump may need to occasionally operate well away from its BEP, the manufacturer should include an oversize shaft arrangement in the design, but with commercial competition driving purchase decisions this may have to be specifically requested. Another option for reducing imbalanced radial forces is to use a twin-volute design, which consists of a wall splitting the volute in half for about half its circumference, ending after the cut-point but before the discharge flange. This is not practical for most slurry applications. Casings must be designed to allow the impeller to be installed inside, and so are manufactured in at least two parts. Solid casings have a removable cover, either on the suction side or shaft side or both, but the volute shape is a one-piece casting. Casings may also be split, either axially or radially. Axially split housings make inspection easier because the upper piece can usually be removed without disturbing the shaft or piping too much. Split casings may tend to â€Å"breathe† at high pressures, resulting in leakage, air entrainment, vibration, misalignment etc. Casings are normally provided with ribbing at the location of highest stresses, to minimise this. Open or semi-open impellers require close clearances against the casing to ensure pumping efficiency. The casings generally include a side-plate that can be adjusted for minimal clearance using jacking screws or shims, especially in wearing applications eg slurries. Impeller Impellers are classified according to their design features ie: ï‚ · Suction flow orientation o Single suction ie inlet on one side only o Double suction ie inlet on both sides ï‚ · The direction of exit flow relative to the shaft axis ie: o Radial flow o Axial flow o Mixed flow ï‚ · Vane shape ie: o Single curvature vanes, also called straight vanes – the impeller surfaces that accelerate the fluid are straight and parallel to the axis of rotation o Francis or screw vane – the surfaces that accelerate the fluid are curved in relation to the axis of rotation ï‚ · Mechanical construction o Enclosed ie with side walls or â€Å"shrouds† o Open ie no shrouds o Semi-open ie shroud on one side only o Partially shrouded ie shroud not extending to impeller tips The open area through which the fluid flows into the impeller is called the suction eye. For a closed-shroud impeller, this is simply the hole in the shroud. The suction eye area is an important featur e of the pump design. The area taken up by the shaft, if it protrudes through the eye, is deducted when calculating eye area. Impellers can be single suction or double suction. A single suction impeller has an inlet eye on one side only, with the shaft extending out the opposite side so the impeller overhangs. A double suction impeller can be thought of as two mirror-image single suction impellers mounted back-to-back. They accept fluid from both sides and usually have a shaft that extends straight through the impeller with bearings providing support on both sides. Double suction impellers are usually fed fluid from a single inlet flange, with the fluid flow being split into two streams by channelling inside the casing. Double suction units provide advantages in reduced fluid velocity at the impeller eye, and better balancing of axial hydraulic forces, while single suction units are simpler in design, manufacture and maintenance. Most if not all slurry pumps are single suction type. Some pumps may have an inducer, which is an axial flow impeller with a few blades installed between the suction inlet and the main impeller, intended to improve the suction head seen by the main impeller. Impeller shrouds often incorporate thin â€Å"pump-out vanes† cast into the outside of the shrouds. Their purpose is to help clear any solids from the back hub of the impeller (opposite the inlet eye), reduce pressure at the seal area, reduce axial thrust, and discourage recirculation. Some impellers have similar vanes on the eye side as well as the shaft side – in this case, those on the shaft side are usually called â€Å"expeller vanes†. In clear water pumps, a cylindrical ring is usually cast or machined into the outside surface of the shrouds, coinciding with a matching feature in the casing, to help seal off the discharge fluid from the suction fluid and prevent internal circulation. Clearances here are tight in order to ensure pumping efficiency – typically around 0.25mm on radius for most common sizes of industrial pumps. In larger pumps the casing (and sometimes also the impeller) is usually protected at this point by replaceable â€Å"wear rings†, which may be high-wear items, and need to be replaced before efficiencies fall too low. It is good practice to replace wear rings once the clearance reaches twice the original specification. Wear rings are provided in a wide range of designs and materials according to the pressures, speeds and fluids involved. The wear rings on impeller and casing are often made from differing materials that are not subject to galling, to reduce problems should contact occur. Wear ring features may include labyrinths, water injection, inspection ports, adjustment mechanisms etc. Pumps handling light slurries may make use of wear rings, sometimes with water injection to reduce wear from the slurry. Pumps handling heavier slurries usually just use pump-out vanes. Slurry pump impellers must be designed to resist wear and tear, and this requires some pumping efficiency features to be sacrificed. For example, vane edges will be blunter, vanes and shrouds will be generally thicker, and the number of vanes will be decreased in order to open up the channels between them. Passages through slurry pumps, including impeller vane spacing, are larger than for clear water pumps. Open impellers are sometimes used for very stringy materials, but tend to be weak and wear quickly, and so are not very common. Vane shape is obviously a major element of impeller design. Two critical factors are the blade entry angle (ß1) and blade exit angle (ß2), as measured between the centre-line of the vane and a tangent to the inner or outer diameter (respectively) drawn from their tips, in the oppo site direction to rotation. Most modern pumps have impellers with ß2 smaller than ninety degrees – ie backward-curved blades. Theoretically, a forward-curved blade would give higher head, but at less efficiency. Some pumps have ß2 at ninety degrees, and these are sometimes referred to as â€Å"expellers†. Many clear-water impeller designs rely on close running clearances between vane tips and casing to minimise recirculation from one â€Å"vane chamber† to the next, and maximise efficiency. Even small amounts of vane tip wear can have an effect on head and overall efficiency. The outer and inner vane tips should be sharp, not rounded or chamfered. Replacing a pump which is too large for its duty can be a major exercise. It usually requires changes to the foundations, drive arrangement and piping, spares holdings, and so on. A model of the ideal size may be just not available. As an alternative, in some cases it may viable to install a reduced-diameter impeller without changing other components. If done correctly, trimming the impeller will move the pump’s BEP to match the actual system operating point. The efficiency at the new BEP will be lower than the BEP with the original impeller, but higher than was being achieved in practice when operating well away from the original BEP. The performance variation can be estimated using the â€Å"affinity laws† which often apply to a specific impeller before and after machining: Flow rate: Pump head: Motor power: Q1 / Q2 = n1 D1 / n2 D2 H1 / H2 = (n1 D1 / n2 D2) P1 / P2 = (n1 D1 / n2 D2) 2 So if running at the same speed, trimming an impeller by a certain proportion will result in a corresponding drop in flow rate, a greater decrease in head produced, and an even greater decrease in the motor power consumed. However, these equations are based on several assumptions and some caution is called for. Impellers are complex three-dimensional objects and their effects on the liquid are due to other factors that are also affected by machining, beyond just the outside diameter – eg open area, discharge blade angle and so on. The following considerations should apply. ï‚ · Diameter reductions should not exceed 10%. Reductions beyond 20% are generally considered extreme. Some references state 30% as the maximum reduction advisable. ï‚ · Some overlap in the vanes should be retained. ï‚ · The angle between the vane centreline and the tangent to the outer diameter drawn at its tip should be restored to original by filing, with most filing occurring on the trailing si de of the vane.   The vanes will probably be thicker after cutting, and should be filed back to original shape, by filing on the traling side of the vane. ï‚ · Vane tips should be kept sharp, not rounded or chamfered. Outer tips should be sharpened by filing on the trailing side, and inner tips by filing mostly on the leading side.   Inefficiencies will take the form of increased disc friction, increased flow path length within the casing, and more recirculation across vane tips. Impellers apply forces to the fluid and are subject to the equal and opposite forces themselves. The typical single-suction impeller engages with fluid entering the pump and at first accelerates it axially into the pump, before diverting it into the radial direction. The impeller pushes the fluid into the pump, and at the same time pushes itself axially back toward the inlet point. Another way of looking at this effect is to consider that the impeller is mostly exposed to pressurised fluid all over the shroud surfaces, but not at the eye on the suction side. The thrust on the impeller must be resisted by the shaft arrangement, which must always include bearings capable of serious thrust loading. Double-suction pumps typically have less axial loading, but can still experience axial thrust, especially if flow is restricted more on one side due to internal differences in the pump, or restrictions in fluid supply on one side. Clean water pump designs may incorporate features to reduce this imbalance, such as having wear rings on both sides of the impeller, with the pressure within t he volume they enclose largely equalised by â€Å"balancing holes† passing right through the impeller. Another method is the use of a balancing disc. This is a disc mounted on the shaft in a separate chamber, with a geometry and clearances designed to counterbalance thrust effects. However, these are not practical for slurry pumps, which may use pump-out vanes instead, to lower the pressure toward the inner area of the non-suction shroud. Axial thrust loads usually consist of a steady state component plus dynamic fluctuations. Heavy axial loading is often associated with recirculation. Where failure occurs it is usually a result of overloading and over-heating of bearing components. Measures to correct excessive axial loading include:   Restoring BEP operating conditions (which may include selecting a more appropriate pump size or trimming the impeller)   Ensuring internal clearances / wear are not excessive ï‚ · Verifying correct bearing type and installation including clearances / pre-load To further complicate this issue of axial thrust, single-suction pumps handling fluids with a high suction head may experience thrust on the impeller in the opposite direction, away from the inlet. And then there are pumps with highly variable duties and suction conditions that may experience impeller thrust in different directions at different times. Shaft The shaft transmits mechanical power to the impeller from the driving motor or engine. It must also support the impeller and restrict its axial and radial movement. The loads on the shaft include self-weight of the rotating components, torque, and forces transmitted to / from the fluid. Design of a shaft requires consideration of maximum allowable deflection, the span or overhang, the location and direction of all loads, any temperature variations, and the critical speed. Loads are normally at their maximum on start-up. All objects have a natural frequency at which they will vibrate after being struck. Machines made of several components with complex shapes normally have several natural frequencies, some of which dominate. In the case of pumps, if the rotational speed of the impeller matches a dominant natural frequency, small imbalances may be amplified to a level where they interfere with operation and/or reliability. These are known as â€Å"critical speeds†. Steady operating speeds between 75% and 120% of the first critical speed should be avoided. Pumps with longer overhang on the shafts have lower critical speeds. Shafts are referred to as rigid or flexible, according to whether the running speed is lower or higher than the first critical speed. Pumps with a flexible shaft must pass through a critical speed on each start-up. This is not usually a problem because frictional forces with the fluid and the bearings act as dampers for a period sufficient for transition through the critical speed. Pumps with speeds below 1750rpm, which includes most slurry pumps, are usually of the rigid-shaft design. The shaft must be designed so that any deflection will not bring moving parts into contact, for example at wearing rings, or cause non-concentricity in critical areas such as the shaft seal. As a general rule, shaft deflection should not exceed 0.15mm even under the most extreme conditions. Deflection and critical speed are related stiffening a shaft to reduce deflection will also raise its critical speed. For pumps with overhung impellers, as is the case for most slurry pumps, this often results in the shaft diameter between bearings being quite large. The fluid passing through a pump creates a hydrodynamic bearing effect, known as the â€Å"Lomakin Effect†. That is, to some extent, the impeller rotating in the casing with fluid present is like a shaft rotating in a journal bearing with oil present. The result is that the shaft is better supported when running than when idle, so that the shaft deflection will be less, and the critical speed of the shaft assembly will be higher. However, the Lomakin Effect varies with pump head and internal clearances, both of which diminish with wear. Therefore the effective critical speed may be expected to decrease with time in service. To allow assembly, shafts step up in diameter from coupling to bearing to impeller, so tha t any torque problems are very likely to appear first at the coupling rather than the impeller, at least in single stage pumps. Shaft Seal and Sleeve The shaft connects the drive to the impeller, and so must pass through the pressurised casing. Achieving a reliable seal between shaft and casing is one of the most problematic areas in pumping. Centrifugal pumps have two types of seals – mechanical seals and packing seals. Many designs of mechanical seals have been attempted for slurry pumps, without comprehensive success, and the remainder of this discussion concentrates mainly on packing seals and stuffing boxes. Note, however, that packing is only suitable within pressure and temperature limitations. Depending on pump design and duty, the seal may need to prevent either air ingress into the casing, or fluid egress out of the casing or both of these at different times, if operation is variable. Many casings are designed with the seal area built into a compartment configured to improve sealing performance. For mechanical seals, this compartment is usually referred to as the â€Å"seal chamber†, while for packing seal s, it is known as the â€Å"stuffing box†. Slurry pump seals usually consist of several rings of packing fitted in a stuffing box around the shaft, often with provision for grease lubrication or water injection to reduce friction and provide additional sealing (particularly for when the pump is stopped). There are many stuffing box design variations and many types and configurations of packing. Stuffing boxes will accept a number of rings of packing, with a packing ring or throat bush preventing extrusion into the casing, and a gland (sometimes called a â€Å"follower†) used to adjust packing compression. A lantern ring may be substituted for one of the packing rings, to cater for injection of grease or sealing water, water being particularly required if air would otherwise be sucked into the fluid stream at this point. Sealing water (or an alternative clean liquid) is usually required for: Slurries   Liquids for which leakage is not acceptable   Liquids that are not suitable for sealing purposes   Suction lifts greater than 4.5m (air ingress may interfere with priming)   Discharge pressures above 70kPa The packing must be placed under some compression and this tends to result in wear on the shaft, which is often sleeved to avoid having to replace the entire shaft once wear is advanced. There are numerous designs of shaft sleeves. The shaft sleeve must be resistant to friction and heat, and several different materials and surface treatments are available – eg hardened high-chrome stainless steel, ceramic, plasma spray or tungsten carbide coating etc. To prevent chipping, coatings should not extend to the edges of the sleeve. The sleeve does not contribute to strength, so the shaft itself must be large enough to carry all the loads, and this means that including a sleeve in the design enlarges the seal diameter. For small pumps, this may decrease pumping efficiency and raise the purchase cost to the point that sleeves may be abandoned and a stainless steel shaft used instead. Glands may be solid, or split to allow replacement without disassembly of pump or bearing assembly. They are usually made of bronze, cast iron or steel. Special designs are used to improve safety if the fluid is hazardous. The leakage of fluid past the packing is controlled by tightening the gland, compressing the packing axially and expands it radially so that leakage paths along the shaft sleeve are constrained. However, some fluid flow between packing and sleeve is usually needed to avoid overheating the packing and damaging the sleeve surface. Once the sleeve surface is damaged, the sealing efficiency decreases and more tightening is required, further damaging the sleeve, and so on. The secret is to provide a configuration of packing and seal water injection that suits the application, and then avoid over-adjustment. To further reduce the pressure at the shaft seal area, where the rear pump-out vanes are not sufficient, some slurry pumps are fitted with a second smaller open-faced impeller, usually called an â€Å"expeller†. Many different designs have been tried. If sealing water is used, there will be a design intention regarding the ratio of water to pass in to the volute compared to out past the gland follower. This can be controlled using the number of packing rings on each side of the lantern ring, but the lantern ring must be installed at the injection point. For clean water pumps, this seal water is sometimes provided from the pump discharge. Clean water must be used to avoid contaminating the packing with grit – filtration or cycloning may be necessary if the water contains some grit. When managing sealing arrangements, thought must be given to what happens when the pump is stopped. The pressure in the stuffing box changes to static conditions, which may result in slurry leaking into the packing and contaminating it, causing rapid sleeve wear on re-starting. But if sealing water continues to be applied, the slurry may be diluted, and eventually a sump can be filled with sealing water if left idle for a long time. For prolonged stoppages, sumps may be best dropped, for various reasons. On restarting, sealing water supply should start before the pump starts. Stuffing boxes in extreme applications may be provided with galleries through which cooling water can pass to prevent excessive temperatures around the packing. In applications where leakage must be more precisely controlled, or where elevated temperatures in the seal area must be avoided (for example where the fluid is volatile), mechanical seals may be suitable, provided that the fluid is not damaging to the seal components. A comparison between mechanical seals and packing seals is given below. ï‚ · Packing seals: o Low initial cost o Tend to deteriorate gradually o Easily replaced when necessary o Can handle large axial shaft movements o Always some leakage required o Require regular adjustment o Not suitable for hazardous / volatile fluids o Often cause progressive shaft sleeve wear o Can result in significant shaft power losses o Limited to low pressures and speeds ï‚ · Mechanical seals: o Minimal or zero leakage o No adjustments required o Suitable for hazardous / volat ile fluids o No shaft wear o Do not consume significant shaft power o Can handle high pressures and speeds o Tend to fail suddenly o Replacement requires pump disassembly o High initial cost Packing seals work as a result of axial compression, so that the packing rings extrude outward and apply radial pressure to the adjacent components, these being the static surface of the stuffing box, and the rotating shaft sleeve. A dynamic seal is formed between the packing rings and the sleeve surface, with some fluid flow between the two being necessary for lubrication and cooling. For clean water pumps, this fluid may be supplied from the inner end of the stuffing box, or from the discharge pipe via small diameter piping. In the case of slurries, grit in the fluid would add to friction and wear, so the lubricating and cooling fluid is usually injected from a separate clean water supply. The injection pressure should be 10 to 25psi greater than that at the inside end of the stuffing box, and this figure should be available from the pump designer. A rule of thumb is to set the gland feed water pressure to between 35 and 70kPa above pump discharge pressure. Pressure regulation is often helpful. In theory, some slurry pumps should operate with a pressure at the inside of the stuffing box which is below atmospheric pressure, so that the packing is required only to prevent air ingress into the pump. However, when the pump is turned off, or in abnormal operating conditions, slurry can pass back into the seal and contaminate the packing with grit, so these situations still call for water injection. Grease or oil may be used instead of water in some applications. Packing material must be able to withstand the operating environment and remain resilient to perform satisfactorily despite minor shaft misalignment, run-out, wear and thermal expansion / contraction. Packing is available in a huge range of materials (lubricant, binder and fibre / matrix) and in many sizes, shapes, and constructions, to suit different applications – particularly size, shaft speed, temperature, pressure, and chemical resistance. The number of packing rings varies between applications, the most common arrangement being throat bush or ring, three inner packing rings, lantern ring, two more packing rings, and gland follower. The lantern ring may be placed further in, to reduce slurry ingress. Packing size is usually proportional to shaft / sleeve outer diameter, as follows: Shaft / Sleeve OD (mm) 15 to 30 30 to 50 50 to 75 75 to 120 120 to 305 Packing Size (mm) 6 8 10 12.5 16 Shaft sleeve finish needs to be at least 0.4micron CLA to avoid excessive rotational friction, and the finish in the stuffing box bore needs to be at least 1.65 micron CLA to allow even compression during adjustment. The sleeve must be harder than the packing, and chemically resistant to the fluid pumped and the injection fluid. Any coating on the sleeve must have a good thermal shock resistance. The lantern ring allows for entry and distribution of the lubricant or flushing fluid. Lantern rings are usually split to allow installation and removal without pump disassembly. They were traditionally made from metal such as stainless steel, but lubricant-impregnated plastics are now common. Gland followers are also usually split to allow easy replacement. They are usually bronze but may be steel or cast iron. Special purpose gland followers are used with volatile or hazardous materials, including capacity for diluting and safely flushing away leakage. The axial compression on the packing must be occasionally adjusted to control leakage. The correct leakage rate is one drip per second. Over-tightening should be avoided as it will result in over-heating and shaft wear. Most packing is supplied with impregnated lubricant, and over-tightening will press the lubricant out. Pumps need extra sealing provisions if pressure at the inner end of the stuffing box is greater than 75psi. The use of harder packing material on the inner rings may help. The procedure for replacing packing is: 1. Read the instructions provided by the pump manufacturer and packing supplier. 2. Loosen and remove gland follower. Inspect gland follower for wear, corrosion, warping etc. 3. Remove old packing rings using a packing puller, and the lantern ring. 4. Inspect shaft sleeve surface for deterioration, and clean up where possible. Replace if necessary. 5. Inspect bore of stuffing box for corrosion, wear, scaling etc, and clean up where possible. 6. Verify correct packing size to be used. 7. Tightly wrap the correct number of packing coils around a mandrel of equal diameter to the shaft sleeve. 8. Cut each ring at an oblique angle. 9. Install each ring, staggering the joins 90 degrees on subsequent rings. Suction / Intake Design Centrifugal pumps operate most efficiently when the liquid to be pumped flows into the inlet nozzle in a smooth, uniform manner with minimal turbulence. Suction systems need to be designed to ensure that this happens. The most common problems are: ï‚ · Uneven / turbulent flow ï‚ · Vapour collection ï‚ · Vortex formation Suction piping should be as short and straight as possible to minimise friction, and if unavoidably long, should be of large diameter. The suction line will normally be at least one pipe size larger than the pump inlet flange, requiring fitment of a reducer. A reducer should not change the pipe bore by more than 100mm. Fluid flow should be as uniform as possible right up to the pump inlet flange. There should not be any fittings likely to cause turbulence, sudden changes in flow direction or spin within ten pipe diameters of the pump inlet flange. There should be no short radius elbows at all, and no long radius elbows within three pipe diameters. All suction line connections need thorough sealing to prevent air being drawn in. For suction manifolds serving multiple pumps, all the above points apply, and branches should be angled at 30 or 45 degrees, rather than ninety degrees, and sized so that fluid flow is constant throughout. Flow should not exceed 0.9m/s. Improper suction conditions or designs can result in the fluid swirling as it approaches the pump through the suction pipe. This is called â€Å"pre-rotation†. It causes a drop in pumping efficiency because the pump is designed to process fluid that is entering without rotation, and can cause additional suction pipe wear. Sometimes a radial fin is fitted to the suction pipe or casing to reduce pre-rotation. The suction pipe design should cater for elimination of air from the suction line, and prevention of vapour pockets, in the simplest manner, meaning that: ï‚ · For pumps with the feed being drawn from a level below (eg a dam pump), o Suction pipe should have a slightly upward slope toward the pump o The eccentric reducer should have the flat side on top ï‚ · For pumps with the feed being drawn from a level above (eg a thickener underflow pump), o Suction pipe should have a slightly downward slope toward the pump Vortexing in feed tanks needs to be avoided to prevent air being drawn down into the pump. Baffles may need to be fitted to tank walls. The tank fluid level needs to be kept well above the suction inlet. Bearings Bearings provide axial and lateral restraint to the pump shaft and attached components, while allowing free rotation. Axial loading on pump shafts may be significant as discussed separately, and the bearing arrangement always includes some thrust capability. The bearings most commonly used are deep-groove single row ball bearings, and single or double row angular contact ball bearings. Pumps may be in overhung configuration, where the shaft is supported by bearings on one side only, or have a shaft that passes right throught the casing with bearings on both sides. Most slurry pumps are of the overhung design. The bearings are usually rolling-element, but plain journal bearings are sometimes used on larger pump sizes. The bearings must be lubricated by grease injection or oil bath and may need provisions for cooling as well. This may be by having a cooling water jacket integral with the bearing housing, or by pumping the lubricating oil through a heat exchanger and filter. Oil lubrication is usually recommended rather than grease, if speed exceeds 5000rpm (which is very rare in a slurry pump). Grease-packed bearings should have one third of the chamber filled with grease. Oil baths should be filled to the centre point of the lowest rolling element. Inadequate loading of bearings can result in the rolling elements skating over the race instead of rolling, and this can cause heating and failure. To avoid this, bearing assemblies are usually designed with an assembly configuration, including preload, that ensures all bearings carry some load. Frame and Foundations For large pumps that are directly connected (ie no vee-belt drive), the motor and pump are usually mounted on the same bed-plate, which is fixed to the foundations in a way sufficient for eliminating looseness and distortion. This eliminates some misalignment issues at the source. Foundations including bed-plates should be checked occasionally for deterioration (corrosion, ground subsidence, concrete cracking, loose fasteners, missing grout etc), and the alignment between pump and motor should also be checked if there is any cause for concern. The framework should have provisions for drainage of any spillage and seal leakage etc, so that this does not become trapped and contribute to corrosion etc. Where pumps operate at high temperature (ie above around 100C) the pump casing should be supported at its axial centre-line, to help reduce thermal stresses. It is generally preferred that all suction and discharge piping have its own supports, so that the pump casing and foundations do not carry any significant static or dynamic piping loads, and so that pump components can be independently removed and replaced. Where this is not the case, extra pump and foundation attention may be needed at the design stage. Drive Arrangement Many drive arrangements are possible to suit the circumstances. Electric motor drive is the most popular, followed by internal combustion engines. Variable speed drives are sometimes necessary and often convenient, but always more expensive and less reliable. In minerals handling plants, slurry pumps are most often electric motor driven, with belt drives. Belt drives allow speeds to be changed through minor modifications – ie pulley changes. Short, low head slurry system designs usually provide motors that are 10 to 20% oversized, to cater for any under-estimates in slurry or system characteristics such as viscosity and friction, and to allow for minor system modifications during the service life. Instrumentation Pumps may be controlled to allow: ï‚ · Variation of flow rate, pressure, liquid level ï‚ · Protection against damaging operating conditions ï‚ · Flexibility in matching pumping performance to duty For centrifugal pumps, control is usually accomplished by speed setting (including turning off/on), or valve setting. This may be manual or automatic. For slurries, control by throttling valve is rare due to the wear rates that usually result. Typical instrumentation includes: ï‚ · Tank / sump level switches ï‚ · Pressure sensors ï‚ · Flow sensors ï‚ · Density sensors In each case, protection from damage by the slurry is critical. This is commonly achieved by using sensors that do not need to contact the slurry eg nucleonic density sensors mounted outside the pipe, with source on one side and detector on the other. Ideally, it is good to have instrumentation available, either permanently mounted or portable, to: Verify operation at BEP, by measuring the difference between suction and discharge pressure Determine flow Ensure that NPSH is sufficient to prevent cavitation Compare flow to motor amperage, to identify when impeller adjustment is needed Need to search more on valves for slurry applications. Notes on Material Selection Where there is some chance of parts coming into contact during pump operation, thought should be given towards minimising the damage that may result. An example of this is at the wear-ring / impeller interface. Studies have shown that damage can be minimised by manufacturing adjacent components from materials that:   Are dissimilar, except where known to be resistant to adhesive wear and galling   Have a difference in hardness of at least 10Rc, if either has hardness less than 45Rc Because it may be difficult to always prevent cavitation from occurring, impellers are usually made of cavitationresistant materials such as chrome-manganese austenitic stainless steel, carburised 12% chrome stainless steel, cast nickel-aluminium bronze, etc. Obviously corrosion resistance is another key selection factor that these materials satisfy. Slurry pumps are subject to heavy wear in the form of abrasion and erosion. The aggressiveness of the slurry is determined by the hardness of the particle s in the slurry, their shape (rounded or sharp), the pulp density, and the size distribution. Slurries can become less aggressive as they travel through a minerals processing plant as the sharp edges become rounded off. Velocity and angle of impingment are also very important factors affecting the resultant wear rates, with wear rate being proportional to velocity squared according to some references. The impingement angle associated with maximum wear rate seems to be dependent on the hardness and brittleness of the material being struck. For very hard / brittle materials it is between 65 and 90 degrees, while for more ductile materials it may be around 25 degrees. Pumps handling slurries with greater than 6mm particle size are usually lined with rubber. However, if impeller tip speed exceeds 28m/s, rubber becomes subject to thermal degradation, and this usually restricts the use of rubber to a maximum head of 30m per stage. Metal lined pumps may be used up to 55m head per stage. For wet end components, materials that may be used to resist wear include Ni-resist, carburised and hardened 12% chromium steel, etc. White iron slurry pump components, which includes Ni-Hard, are restricted to impeller tip speeds of about 36m/s to avoid maximum disc stresses. Steel components are softer but can run at higher speeds, up to a tip speed of 45m/s. Centrifugal pumps are subject to cyclic loads due to such things as imbalance, unbalanced radial forces, fluctuating axial thrust, the vibration induced as each vane passes the cut-point, and variations in upstream and downstream fluid pressure and flow. This sets the scene for fatigue loading, which becomes more of an issue if the slurry is corrosive. Fretting may occur between assembled components where looseness is allowed to develop. This is best avoided through the use of correct manufacturing dimensions and surface finishes, good fitting practice etc. The materials commonly used for pump components include:   Impellers (require castability, weldability, and resistance to corrosion, abrasion, and cavitation) o Bronze, for non-corrosive liquids below 120C o Nickel-aluminium bronze, for higher speed and mildly corrosive applications o Cast iron, for small low-cost applications o Martensitic stainless steel, where added resistance to cavitation, wear, corrosion (other than salt water) or high temperatures may be required o Austenitic stainless steel (mostly cast 316 grade), where a higher level of corrosion resistance is needed. Austenitic stainless steel with 6% molybdenum is often used for salt water pumping.   Casings (require strength, castability and machinability, weldability, and resistance to corrosion and wear) o Cast iron o Cast steel, where extra strength is required ie for pressures above 6000kPa (1000psi) and temperatures above 175C. o Austenitic cast irons with 15 to 20% nickel (Ni-Resist) may be used where abrasion and corrosion are issues. o Bronze, for water applications o Stainless steel, where corrosion is a major issue – martensitic for higher pressures in mildly corrosive fluids, austenitic for more aggressively corrosive fluids. ï‚ · Shafts (require resistance to fatigue and corrosion) o Mild steel, where corrosion and fatigue are minor issues Low alloy steel such as 4140 for added strength Martensitic stainless steel, where added strength and corrosion resistance are needed Shafts are usually chrome-plated, and care is needed to avoid this adding to the fatigue susceptibility through micro–cracking and hydrogen embrittlement. Shafts can be shot-peened prior to plating, and heat-treated afterward to reduce these effects. Wear rings (require castability and machinability, and resistance to corrosion, abrasion and galling) o Bronze for clean liquids and temperatures up to 120C o Stainless steel for applications with abrasion, corrosion and high temperatures – but steps must be taken to avoid galling should the rings come into contact eg increased clearances, hardness differences etc. o o o Impellers other than those made from martensitic stainless steel can usually be repaired by welding, although in some cases this needs to be followed by specific heat treatment processes. In all cases, more exotic (and expensive) materials may be used for specific applications. Material selection is often a balancing act between optimising purchase cost and maintenance / operations performance. Where high temperatures are involved, material selection must take into account differences in expansion rates. Unlined slurry pump impellers and casings are often made from abrasion-resistant cast irons as per ASTM A532, which includes Ni-Hard. These materials consist of a martensitic matrix with secondary hard phases of chrome and iron carbides that increase wear resistance. They cannot be machined or welded, and tend to be prone to corrosion, and breakage through mechanical impact and thermal shock. Brittleness may be reduced by annealing, but this reduces wear resistance. Slurry pump impellers and casings may be lined with softer materials like rubber, where high temperatures can be avoided. These can reduce wear rates by absorbing the impact energy of the particles, while resisting corrosion. Problems may arise in bonding of the rubber at the cut water point, and on the impeller. The lining reduces the thickness of the metal section of the component, so stronger materials are usually used eg steel rather than cast iron. Manufacturers develop their own specifications for ideal liner thicknesses based on experience, but one reference suggests a volute liner thickness of 4% to 6% of impeller diameter. Natural rubbers seem well suited for wear liners for use with slurries with less than 6mm particle size for the impeller, and 15mm particle size for the volute. Provided the base materials are suitable, patches of high wear on wet end parts can sometimes be repaired by welding / hard-facing. However, this increases the likelihood of cracking. Also if the welding results in uneven surfaces in critical points, the added turbulence can accelerate further wear. Many types and styles of surface coating have been tried, with some success. These include thermal spray coatings, diffusion surface treatments, spraying and trowelling of epoxies, etc.

Importance of talent management

Importance of talent management Introduction Changes to the environment in which banks operate was caused by high risk lending which now have higher capital requirements, tougher regulations and scarcer funding. The economic downturn has affected the banking industry in such a way that fighting for survival is a must; to avoid liquidation, acquisition, closures, takeovers and mergers. As a result, banks are faced with managing risks, compensation and growth itself. According to Marcus, who did 25 years of research found out that the most successful organisations were those people who focused on what they did best. The banks approach was to accentuate the positive through talent management and leadership development with a goal of measurably increasing its leadership capacity by 2011. Using the strength based philosophy in the transitional change process, which is valuable in an international environment that is vastly diversified. Importance of talent management Talent management involves individuals and organisational development in response to a changing and complex environment. Talent management focuses on driving superior business results through people by: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Attracting the right people to the industry. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Maintaining and keeping employees fully engaged in their work. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Identifying and developing potential leaders. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Motivating and rewarding employees’ efforts in innovative ways. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Aligning human resource programs, policies and processes to business goals. Why Talent Management? à ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢ For banks to survive at this period they need to strategise a long term goal of managing employees during the recession which is short term and after the recession which is long term through the continuous individual personal development(CIPD), right from the recruitment stage. As Haley says its everybodys Holy Grail to create local internal pipelines and there having continuous supply of talent. Banks will survive the recession period because of the talent they retain and develop, as Haley said there is not enough supply, so you have to develop your own people. Without the continuous use of talent management, they will not be able to cope once the recession is over, because they will not have the necessary skills to fill positions quickly to meet evolving business needs. The fight for existence has lead to a wide scale of redundancies hence a significant lost of talent. With the continuous use of talents management, banks will grow, expand and develop in a competitive market with the skills and talents they continuously develop after redundancies, because the demand out ways the supply for talented people during the recession. Banks tend to cut down cost, especially on the training and development of employees, forgetting that people and their development is the key to the success of any organisation no matter what the economic climate is. Cutting down cost on training and development can have a long term effect on an organisation, which can lead the organisation to loosing its market share. The bank gains competitive advantages over its competitors by continuously improving its talent. By identifying the key innovative employees to the organisation that can be further trained and equip to anticipate or solve future problems that may arise. This could be the companys core competence and being the success factor which could be its competitive edge over competitors. It develops employees innovative skills needed for and after the recession. Haley said its base on the idea that people will be successful because they play to their strengths not because they manage their weakness, Skills will be available once the recession is over because innovation comes from the best people who are drivers of long term change. It increases the productivity of employees, hence high quality, effectiveness and efficiency is maintained. The risk of loosing employees to competitors due to lack of motivation during the recession, talent management motivates employees to stay with the organisation long term, knowing there is an opportunity for growth and development. Motivation gives the employees the confidence that they need to carry out their job properly hence innovative skills can be transferred or adopted. With staff engagement, career planning and continuous personal development plans from the Human resources development department, there will be enough supply of skills and creative innovation.   The organisations brand will be recognised for its training and development policy, which will attract the best people with the appropriate skills for the Job who can add value to the industry. Importance of change management Change is the process of transforming the manner in which individuals or organisations act and requires most employees to learn new skills. Change is perennial in the economic situation that we currently facing, implementing talent management to incorporate change is essential for the success of standard bank which explores new opportunities for growth and increase productivity. It can be very effective when people are involved in the change process, by providing training in new values, skills and behaviours. Change affects the managers leadership roles and employees in which they are all subjects to the same reactions of resistance and constraints. It is vital that the change process is managed properly to reduce the level of resistance. Change management could have a long term effect of being cost effective; it could reduce the cost of future uncertainties that may occur, hence improving the quality of products in the global economy. Conclusion The continued use of talent management minimises change resistance, it maintains key skills to boost up the bank hence the talent management is incorporated into the banks culture.   In order to maximise the talent management process it is essential that the bank adopts Dave Ulrichs (1997) three legged stool model of Shared Service Centre, Business Partners and Centres of Expertise to make sure the team is well motivated.

Equity in the Classroom Essay -- Teaching Education

Equity in the Classroom The concerns regarding equity issues in math and science may seem minimal, but in reality are very large. Usually unintentionally, teachers pay more attention, and give more positive attention to boys in their classrooms. This is especially noticed in the areas of math and science. â€Å"Girls are equal to or ahead of boys in achievement† (Sadker, 1993, p. 67) in the early stages of schooling. So why do boys seem to do so much better in math and science in the later school years? Perhaps it is not that boys are just smarter than girls are. Studies have shown that teachers give boys more attention in the early and crucial years because they fear that the boys will fall behind in their school subjects, and that boys are more daring--more willing to take a risk and answer a question, even though it may be wrong. Sadker, Sadker, and Stulberg (1993) pointed out that there are four basic teacher reactions: praise, criticism, remediation, and acceptance. Teachers also direct these reactions to certain students. Most often, boys are given praise and remediation. This gives boys better self-esteem, plus they are learning how to fix their mistakes. Girls are given criticism and acceptance. Acceptance is classified as okay or good. Acceptance is much different than praise, because praise is much more in depth. Girls get accustomed to hearing that their work is okay and they do not ever expect to do any better than okay. Therefore, girls have less confidence when it comes to school subjects, especially math and science. So how does one create an equal atmosphere in their classroom? Sadker (1993) suggests that teachers desegregate their classrooms, move to several places around the classroom to t... ...ne might think that more women might strive to get one, and actually earn one. These statistics make it clear that teachers need to encourage their students to do well in math and science. Girls need to realize that they can excel in their studies and really achieve the possible that is made to seem impossible. Works Cited a. North Central Regional Educational Laboratory Website (NCREL). (accessed on: 3/6/2001). Increase participation in mathematics. http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/issues/content/cntareas/math/am1partc.htm. b. North Central Regional Educational Laboratory Website (NCREL). (accessed on: 3/6/2001). Disproportionate number of women, nimorities, and the poor. http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/issues/content/cntareas/math/ma1dspr.htm. Sadker, M. & Sadker, D. & Stulberg, L. (1993). Fair and Square? Instructor, 3/93, 44-46 & 67-68.

Professionally written paper

There Is n expectation that the tasks associated with this assignment will reflect a professionally written paper. TOPIC: Many companies in the western world have been using ERP systems for a considerable amount of time and could be considered established and mature users of these systems. It has been suggested that because companies have adopted ERP systems, it would be difficult for them to achieve a competitive advantage through differentiation due to the following aspects: Similar standardized business processes Similar technology, such as SAP, supporting these processes.Discuss how companies can achieve competitive differentiation using their ERP system for the above scenario. Use case studies to support your arguments. Your essay must include: Assignment Cover Page: use the cover sheet provided. Paper's title page: Include the Assignment Title, Student Name & Number, Date & Unit name/code. Introduction: Introduces the topic. States clearly purpose of the paper and a brief descr iption of the paper's structure. Body: Discuss, compare and/or contrast different perspectives, present arguments purporting the purpose of the paper. Conclusion: Summaries the salient points you have made in the body of the paper.References/Bibliography Must be consistent in Harvard style. The footer must include your name, student ID, and page number. A header should include a short version of the title. Submission Your paper must be submitted via the Turning link in Web. Your submission to Turning should only include your paper. Do not include the reference list or title page. Name your file the following way.

Levels of Measurement Worksheet With Solutions

Levels of Measurement Worksheet With Solutions Data can be classified into one of four levels of measurement.   These levels are nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio. Each of these levels of measurement indicates a different feature that the data is showing. Read the full description of these levels, then practice sorting through the following. You can also look at a version without answers, then come back here to check your work. Worksheet Problems Indicate which level of measurement is being used in the given scenario: SOLUTION: This is the nominal level of measurement. Eye color is not a number, and so the lowest level of measurement is used. SOLUTION: This is the ordinal level of measurement. The letter grades can be ordered with A as high and F as low, however, differences between these grades are meaningless. An A and a B grade could be separated by a few or several points, and there is no way of telling if we are simply given a list of letter grades. SOLUTION: This is the ratio level of measurement. The numbers have a range from 0% to 100% and it makes sense to say that one score is a multiple of another. SOLUTION: This is the interval level of measurement. The temperatures can be ordered and we can look at differences in the temperatures. However, a statement such as A 10-degree day is half as hot as a 20-degree day is not correct. Thus this is not at the ratio level. SOLUTION: This is also the interval level of measurement, for the same reasons as the last problem. SOLUTION: Careful! Even though this is another situation involving temperatures as data, this is the ratio level of measurement. The reason why is that the Kelvin scale does have an absolute zero point from which we can reference all other temperatures. The zero for the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales is not the same, as we can have negative temperatures with these scales. SOLUTION: This is the ordinal level of measurement. The rankings are ordered from 1 to 50, but there is no way to compare the differences in rankings. Movie #1 could beat #2 by only a little, or it could be vastly superior (in the critics eye). There is no way to know from rankings alone. SOLUTION: Prices can be compared at the ratio level of measurement. SOLUTION: Even though there are numbers associated with this data set, the numbers serve as alternate forms of names for the players and the data is at the nominal level of measurement. Ordering the jersey numbers makes no sense, and there is no reason to do any arithmetic with these numbers. SOLUTION: This is the nominal level due to the fact that dog breeds are not numeric. SOLUTION: This is the ratio level of measurement. Zero pounds is the starting point for all weights and it makes sense to say The 5-pound dog is one quarter the weight of the 20-pound dog. The teacher of a class of third graders records the height of each student.The teacher of a class of third graders records the eye color of each student.The teacher of a class of third graders records the letter grade for mathematics for each student.The teacher of a class of third graders records the percentage that each student got correct on the last science test.A meteorologist compiles a list of temperatures in degrees Celsius for the month of MayA meteorologist compiles a list of temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit for the month of MayA meteorologist compiles a list of temperatures in degrees Kelvin for the month of MayA film critic lists the top 50 greatest movies of all time.A car magazine lists the most expensive cars for 2012.The roster of a basketball team lists the jersey numbers for each of the players.A local animal shelter keeps track of the breeds of dogs that come in.A local animal shelter keeps track of the weights of dogs that come in.

Free Essays on Geologic Formation of Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania’s land started with the idea of plate tectonics and convection currents. The mantle of the Earth is hotter than the lithosphere, which causes materials to sink and eventually rise back up to the surface. These continents move towards or away from each other with convection currents. Then, during the Ordovician Period mountain building occurred. Convection currents that pulled the continents together formed the Appalachian Mountains. Subduction of materials causes volcanoes to form, and volcanoes eventually covered the water that left ash or Bentonite in the quarries today. Next, during the Cambrian and Ordovician periods North America still remained above the sea. Eventually weathering wore away the surface of the land, and erosion moved these sediments away. The sediments that were deposited formed limestone. Limestone is also called carbonates that are formed by chemical deposition. Limestone is made out of shells of marine animals and mineral partic les and is deposited far offshore in warm areas. This formation later settles on the seafloor and turns back into rock. Mud was also deposited farther offshore creating silt and clay. These sediment particles created Martinsburg shale. At the end of the Ordovician period, sand and gravel were deposited close to the shoreline that later formed Tuscarora sandstone. The Jacksonburg limestone and Bentonite Ash were found at the Eastern Industries Quarry. The Eastern Industry Quarry is an open pit mine, whose rocks formed around 500-450 MYA. Limestone is a sedimentary rock formed by chemical composition. The original deposit of limestone in Pennsylvania was 500 to 1,400 feet thick. Limestone may contain graphite, quartz, and calcite, but it’s mainly composed of calcite and dolomite. Bentonite is volcanic ash transformed into clay. The lighter the color of ash the softer it is, and the darker the color of ash the harder it is. Bentonite may also contain ... Free Essays on Geologic Formation of Pennsylvania Free Essays on Geologic Formation of Pennsylvania Pennsylvania’s land started with the idea of plate tectonics and convection currents. The mantle of the Earth is hotter than the lithosphere, which causes materials to sink and eventually rise back up to the surface. These continents move towards or away from each other with convection currents. Then, during the Ordovician Period mountain building occurred. Convection currents that pulled the continents together formed the Appalachian Mountains. Subduction of materials causes volcanoes to form, and volcanoes eventually covered the water that left ash or Bentonite in the quarries today. Next, during the Cambrian and Ordovician periods North America still remained above the sea. Eventually weathering wore away the surface of the land, and erosion moved these sediments away. The sediments that were deposited formed limestone. Limestone is also called carbonates that are formed by chemical deposition. Limestone is made out of shells of marine animals and mineral partic les and is deposited far offshore in warm areas. This formation later settles on the seafloor and turns back into rock. Mud was also deposited farther offshore creating silt and clay. These sediment particles created Martinsburg shale. At the end of the Ordovician period, sand and gravel were deposited close to the shoreline that later formed Tuscarora sandstone. The Jacksonburg limestone and Bentonite Ash were found at the Eastern Industries Quarry. The Eastern Industry Quarry is an open pit mine, whose rocks formed around 500-450 MYA. Limestone is a sedimentary rock formed by chemical composition. The original deposit of limestone in Pennsylvania was 500 to 1,400 feet thick. Limestone may contain graphite, quartz, and calcite, but it’s mainly composed of calcite and dolomite. Bentonite is volcanic ash transformed into clay. The lighter the color of ash the softer it is, and the darker the color of ash the harder it is. Bentonite may also contain ...

Analytical Essay Sample on #8220;A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings” by Gabriel Garcia Marquez

Analytical Essay Sample on #8220;A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings† by Gabriel Garcia Marquez The short story â€Å"A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings† by Gabriel Garcia Marquez exposes the tendencies of human nature and society in general. The reactions of all the members of the community to the events in the story reflect their inclinations as human beings, both good and bad. Pelayo lives in rural area with his wife and child. One afternoon he was shocked to find that a very old man with wings was lying face down in the mud in his courtyard. At first he was frightened and ran to retrieve his wife to see what she would make of it. Upon her arrival they had both stared at the man together in a mute stupor for quite some time. This is a typical reaction from most people in such a situation. At first they were in a state of fear, fear of the unfamiliar. When people are exposed to a scenario that is out of the ordinary for them and conflicts with their everyday lives they grow afraid and even hostile. Then a stage of curiosity follows, Pelayo and his wife quietly observe the man from a distance as to gather any information they can about him. After observing the man who seemed frail and uncivilized they decide to call upon a neighbour who might be knowledgeable in such situations. She wasted no time in proclaiming that he must be an â€Å"angel†. Her re action to the man with wings was influenced purely by her faith. Her blind assumption was made because of what she has been taught and what she wanted to believe. This is typical of people who are very religious as they tend to interpret various events as having a deeper more meaningful significance. â€Å"The angel was held captive in Pelayo’s house.† (Marquez 487) Marquez’s choice of words reflects her intention to show Pelayo’s hostility towards the angel. He also watched over him all afternoon with a bailiff’s club. He is obviously uncertain of the angel and decides to imprison him and take no chances. He does not think very much of the angel because he â€Å"drags† him into in a chicken coop and locks him up among the hens. This act demonstrates basic human nature, the angel was old, unattractive, and decrepit, so he tosses him in a filthy coop. Pelayo judges him solely on his appearance, had the â€Å"angel† looked like an angel is supposed to like and had been all white, attractive, and sophisticated, Pelayo would most likely honour and respect him rather than treat him like an animal. Pelayo even considered putting him on a raft and leaving him to die on the high seas. The members of the community quickly learned of this â€Å"angel† that has been found and they became very interested. â€Å"The simplest among them thought that he should be named mayor of the world. Others of sterner mind felt that he should be prompted to the rank of five-star general in order to win all wars. Some visionaries hoped that he could be put to stud in order to implant on earth a race of winged wise who could take charge of the universe.† (Marquez 488) This shows the hopes and expectations of the members of the community. Many had dreams of grandeur and had relied on this angel to put an end to all worldly problems as if he was sent down from god. These expectations however were not rational, they were merely based on their own beliefs and the hype that this angel had generated. Human beings in general are always looking for the easy way out and the simplest way to get a means to their end. This angel served as the answer they had all hoped for. As the story moves forward the people of the town come to realise that this angel was not at all what they had expected nor hoped for. They have grown hostile towards him, they had begun pulling out his feathers, throwing stones at him, or even burning him with an iron. This type of reaction is not unusual in such a situation, they have grown bored of this angel as he does nothing but lie still and try to make himself comfortable. This type of behaviour is exemplified in everyday life in the case of celebrities. As entertainers they keep us amused and fulfill our needs, but when their product turns stale or their songs get played out we lose interest and turn against them. We see this everyday on late night television where hosts poke fun at such celebrities, recently we have seen what the media hype has done to Michael Jackson’s reputation. Meanwhile the carnival has come into town and suddenly everyone has forgotten about the angel and stopped caring. Why see the angel when you can see the tarantula woman? Something bigger and better has arisen and the people of the community have moved on to the next big thing. Why do people act the way they do? Is it selfishness? It is a fact that man’s greatest goal is his own happiness, therefore he can sometimes be insensitive to the people that he walks all over in order to achieve it. Altruism is possible, but even then man gains some satisfaction from his unselfish act, which contributes to his happiness. The society in this short story perfectly reflects human nature and how it sometimes can be ugly. However, for the most part individuals are able to differentiate what is and is not moral and act decently.

German and Germans class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

German and Germans class - Essay Example 308) this attack on a civilian ship severely tested Wilson’s resolve but America remained steadfastly opposed to joining the war until some 22 months later. The sinking of the Lusitania, and the ensuing diplomatic row about U-boat attacks on civilian and supply ships was, not, therefore sufficient reason to justify American entry into the war. One of the main reasons why America entered the war was to protect its own financial interests: â€Å"By September 1916 Britain was purchasing American goods at a rate of over $210 million per month, and France at $38 million per month. (Burk, 1985, p. 14). While Germany also had lucrative trade deals with the United States, it was nothing like at this level, and so America had to think about the possible impact on its own position if the British and their allies should finally lose the war. There would be no possibility in the short term for these colossal debts to be paid back, and this would be bound to have a detrimental effect on the American economy for decades to come. It made financial sense, and indeed it was regarded as a matter of urgent expediency, for America to make sure that the British were on the winning side in this brutal war, and so there were very sound financial reasons why America had to step in and make sure that this would be the final outcome of the war. A further factor must also be considered, and that is the so-called â€Å"Zimmerman note† or â€Å"Zimmermann telegram† which was a piece of diplomatic correspondence sent by German diplomat Zimmermann to the Mexican ambassador, offering territorial inducements for Mexico to join the war on the German side. The proposal was, that Mexico would distract America with a war on its doorstep, while Germans, assured of victory, would recompense Mexico for its efforts with lands taken from the southern states of America. The telegram was secretly decoded by the British

Exam practice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Exam practice - Assignment Example Customers prefer inexpensive, slower performance and give a higher score to sensors in the 7 years range. The company should supply this market with cheap and well proofed products. The forecast sales are about $14500 with a capacity number of 7% High end segment: the customers seek cutting edge technology and new designs. Its age is 0 years, price of about $36 with a performance of 8.9 and market size 11.1. The customers at this segment demand cutting edge sensors with high performance and small size and give high scores to newer sensors. The company should therefore supply the market with high performance, small size and newer sensors to satisfy them. The forecast sales are $22500 with capacity number of 9%. Performance segment: they seek high reliable and cutting edge performance technology. It has an age of 1 year, performance 9.4, size 16.0 and price of about $27. Customers emphasize on performance and a 1 year range. The company should supply with sensors of high performance and of at least one year range. The forecast sales are about $16000 with a capacity number of 8% Size segment: customers seek cutting edge size technology and young designers. Performance is 4.0, size 10.6, and age 1.5 years. Customers look at size than performance and over 1.5 years range. The company should supply large size and young designs to the segment. The forecast sales are about $18500 with a capacity number of

Construction Management & Organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Construction Management & Organisation - Essay Example The project manager has to establish a team of functional specialists to complete the individual tasks of the project. The project manager usually has such qualities as team building, be able to motivate, communicate and be a good listener. In addition, the manager has to be a facilitator and not a supervisor, one who synthesizes instead of being an analyst and finally be problem oriented rather than being discipline oriented. An effective project management has got four main functions; Project planning, team building, directing and control measures. The planning process entails a sequence of activities planned to ensure that the project meets the deadline given, within budget and the expected outcome. Results from planning have to make sure that the overall objectives of the project can be realized. The planning process entails considering schedules and budgets. The budget identifies the resources needed and the means of financing the project. Scheduling establishes timeliness and milestones for the completion of tasks and activities that makeup the project. Project scheduling involves a sequence of activities in a logical and systematic way. Once established, appropriate resource allocation for each activity becomes the next challenge. Budgeting applies to the costs associated with each activity. There are the budget figures with time. The costing has to be done on material and labor, direct and indirect. Team building can be defined as finding the appropriate person to do a specified task in a competent manner. The project has to determine the staff level requirements for each task, the period of engagement for each member, and where each team member lives. The members may come from either within the organization or from an external consulting firm. Directing involves guiding project activities to their timely completion within the assigned budget. Through directing, staff members get to familiarize themselves with the project and their individual

Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Business Plan - Essay Example Road Runner is a concierge/porter service which will take responsibility for postal package retrievals and deliveries, prepared food and grocery deliveries, and will also include direct-to-you automobile detailing as part of a consumer convenience model for busy customers in the commercial environment. The administrative responsibilities will be managed by the sole trader, including accounting, general business management, budgeting and all other operational process developments required to sustain the business. Diversity of the business model is what makes Road Runner stand apart from competition. Expedient services combined with convenience will position Road Runner as a recognised leader in delivery and porter-oriented services. Road Runner offers both competitive prices combined with opportunities for customers to modify service to custom fit their road-running needs which might include, but is not limited to, chauffer services, pick-up and delivery of clients’ automobiles requiring mechanic services or facilitating delivery of catered food products for special events. Whatever the client requires, within the capabilities and capacity of the business model, will satisfy all needs for expedient, flexible delivery processes for a diverse group of market segments in London. In order to make Road Runner a competitive and industry success, the new start-up business will require a solid marketing strategy in order to properly position the business in the minds of desirable customer segments. The business ownership has established three distinct objectives aligned with short- and long-term growth and sustainability opportunities: Having a marketing strategy and plan are critical to the success of Road Runner as building attachments to the brand with target segments allows a business to establish moderately higher pricing structures and even increases the impact and frequency of

If the goverment takes away gun use right will murders decrease Research Paper

If the goverment takes away gun use right will murders decrease - Research Paper Example About 100 million of them are handguns. Based on survey information from the U.S. justice Department in 2008, about 436,000 violent crimes were performed by offenders visibly armed with guns. Murder is defined as the unlawful premeditated killing of one human being by another. Gun right is provided in the Bill of Rights. The Second of the Amendments to the Constitution read â€Å"A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a Free State, peoples right to keep and own guns shall not be infringed†. The gun use rights are provided by law makers. The use rights are for example, Right-to-carry laws that allows individual people who attain certain "minimally restrictive" criteria (e.g. as the finishing of a background check and also the gun safety course) to carry with them concealed guns in most public places. This focuses on how the gun is used or handled. Today, there are above 20,000 gun-control laws in the federal, state, and governments local levels. There is no question that guns account for countless murders whether unintentional or intentional. There are allot of people who believe that there is the existence of some causal relationship amongst these phenomena; named that crime decreases because of more strict gun-controlling legislation. As the laws that regulate and limit access to guns may have the effects of decreasing the rate of murder with guns, the variance of murder rates could be attributable to other factors. Kellermann (1993) maintains that the people who become firearms fatalities also had experienced domestic violence, drug abuse and alcohol, at greater rates than the nationals average. Kleck and McElrath, reported that when guns are present (they) "tend to inhibit attacks and, in the case of these attacks, to decrease the probability of injuries (to victims), whereas, once injuries occur, they tend to increase the probability of death."

Case Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Case Analysis - Assignment Example warrant of habitability that apartment leased is fit and habitable for human habitation (Implied Warranty of Habitability: http://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/implied-warranty-of-habitability-lawyers.html). There has been a violation of this implied warrant when the roof started leaking and the Lessor made no effort to repair the same. 2. The action of Violet is justified. The tenant has a right under the doctrine of Constructive Eviction to terminate the lease contract for the apartment has become unsuitable for the purpose for which it was leased. â€Å"Under this doctrine the tenant is given the right to vacate the lease without further rent obligation, if she does so promptly after giving the landlord reasonable notice and opportunity to correct the problem.† (Mallor, Barnes. Brewers & Langvardt; Business Law: The Ethica, Global, and E- Commmerce Environment 13th ed. McGraw –Hill companies 2007 p.

Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Business Plan - Essay Example Road Runner is a concierge/porter service which will take responsibility for postal package retrievals and deliveries, prepared food and grocery deliveries, and will also include direct-to-you automobile detailing as part of a consumer convenience model for busy customers in the commercial environment. The administrative responsibilities will be managed by the sole trader, including accounting, general business management, budgeting and all other operational process developments required to sustain the business. Diversity of the business model is what makes Road Runner stand apart from competition. Expedient services combined with convenience will position Road Runner as a recognised leader in delivery and porter-oriented services. Road Runner offers both competitive prices combined with opportunities for customers to modify service to custom fit their road-running needs which might include, but is not limited to, chauffer services, pick-up and delivery of clients’ automobiles requiring mechanic services or facilitating delivery of catered food products for special events. Whatever the client requires, within the capabilities and capacity of the business model, will satisfy all needs for expedient, flexible delivery processes for a diverse group of market segments in London. In order to make Road Runner a competitive and industry success, the new start-up business will require a solid marketing strategy in order to properly position the business in the minds of desirable customer segments. The business ownership has established three distinct objectives aligned with short- and long-term growth and sustainability opportunities: Having a marketing strategy and plan are critical to the success of Road Runner as building attachments to the brand with target segments allows a business to establish moderately higher pricing structures and even increases the impact and frequency of

Case Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Case Analysis - Assignment Example warrant of habitability that apartment leased is fit and habitable for human habitation (Implied Warranty of Habitability: http://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/implied-warranty-of-habitability-lawyers.html). There has been a violation of this implied warrant when the roof started leaking and the Lessor made no effort to repair the same. 2. The action of Violet is justified. The tenant has a right under the doctrine of Constructive Eviction to terminate the lease contract for the apartment has become unsuitable for the purpose for which it was leased. â€Å"Under this doctrine the tenant is given the right to vacate the lease without further rent obligation, if she does so promptly after giving the landlord reasonable notice and opportunity to correct the problem.† (Mallor, Barnes. Brewers & Langvardt; Business Law: The Ethica, Global, and E- Commmerce Environment 13th ed. McGraw –Hill companies 2007 p.

Abbey policy holders Essay Example for Free

Abbey policy holders Essay But the massive loss suffered by Abbey in 2003 has affected shareholders. At a time where other banks are making record profits (Royal Bank of Scotland recorded 6.2 billion profit before tax9), the Abbey shareholders may not even receive any spare capital that has came from the sale of assets in the wholesale bank. As Abbey sold off over 80 per cent of the assets of the wholesale bank, analysts were hoping that Abbey could return between 1.2bn and 1.5bn to investors via a special dividend or share buy back. However, the chief executive of Abbey, Luqman Arnold was said to be increasingly cautious about the amount of cash that would be released due to regulatory changes. Whether or not this will affect the position of the shareholders is still unknown. Customers are an important group of stakeholders for Abbey. They are outside stakeholders. Communicating with them is a vital part of Abbeys strategic plan. They do this by advertising on various mediums, (television, radio, etc). This has proved successful in the past, as Abbey have won various awards for their Plain English approach. This strategy of not using banking terminology was very successful. However, should customers not be satisfied, there is also a customer relations unit available to help solve disputes. But a recent development regarding profits has upset many customers. For the second year in a row, those customers with a with-profits policy will not receive their annual bonus. There will also be higher exit penalties for those who choose to leave the with-profit policy, which could reach up to 10 per cent. This affects nearly 400.000 of Abbey policy holders.  According to Abbeys employee report Employee involvement and effective communication remain vital to {our} success. 10 There are various means of communication, from an intranet site, to a quarterly magazine (abbeyview). There are a growing amount of concerns among the staff in Abbey however, in the amount of job losses that are occurring within the organisation. As part of their return to traditional banking, Abbey has been cutting a vast number of jobs, many in the fund management sector. Many jobs have gone abroad to India. This has caused conflict not only amongst employees, but among the general public also, who are outside stakeholders of Abbey also. They see it as downsizing and taking jobs away from Britain. Recently, eight executive directors of Abbey have been paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.8 million made up of cash bonuses and shares between them, at a time when the company has suffered massive losses. The banks staff got an average of about six percent of their salary as a bonus last year, which was a rise of two percent from a year earlier. A member of the ANGU, (Abbey National General Union) said Staff were very pleased with the bonus that was paid out in a difficult year. However, in light of what management received it wasnt very much. This could lead to further problems in the future. Conclusion Abbey are still in the middle of a three year turnaround, so are asking their stakeholders to bear with them. But with the massive losses, and the seeming disregard for employees, shareholders and customers alike, they may find that it will take longer than three years to have their strategy.

Family Decision Making Purchase of Vehicle

Family Decision Making Purchase of Vehicle 1.0 Introduction. Interviewing 3 family to identify the decision maker in the family. The decision maker of a family is important. The way the decision made during a buying process involves of few factors such as information, purchasing ability and quality of product. Decision makers do make decision based of the price , product, promotions and place the product and service available. The way the decision maker makes the decision can affect the way the family members to purchase goods. This is because the behaviour and attitude to purchase become the example for family members as guide. The memory of from external influences the individual habit and beliefs. This can create the culture of consumption in a country. Decision makers are the purchaser who will provide the financial towards purchasing items. The decision maker will search for information before purchasing and relate the purchase to be beneficial for family members. Family (A) purchase of a vehicle. The decision maker of this purchase in Family A, is made under the father of the family. The father as the decision maker is the influence of the family. The car which was bought by Family A is a Honda City. The father who made the decision, relates that the purchase of this car is beneficial for the family and worth the price. The reason to this decision is, father belief that the car is big and can give comfort to the family if they are taking a vacation. The case shows that the familys decision maker is making a decision base on belief and perception of the product. The product identity has given the decision maker a positive affirmation towards the company brand. The father is the decision maker in this purchase because, the paying amount is made by the father. Although the decision maker makes the purchase, before the purchasing the individual do seek information before purchase. The search of information is together with his elder son and sales person, who actually accompanied the purchaser towards the vehicle at the Honda car showroom. The information search is basic towards the purchasing price, the post purchase of the vehicle, the time period of car processing, the insurance and colour of selections by the Honda company. Family (B) purchase of family groceries. The purchase of food and home supply in Family B is made under the mother and brother of this family. The decision made from the mother of this family is towards the benefits of foods and appliances to be purchase for use at home. The nutrients factors and cost of food supply will be determined by the mother who does the groceries shopping at the supermarket. Information gathered from this mother of the family will determine the final purchase of the supply. However the brother played the role of giving income to the Family B. Therefore the purchase of food supply in family is also from the elder brother who provides the income. The factors from promotion of food supply and income will change the perception of mother in family to purchase the food. Shopping market like Tesco Ipoh which produces the promotions and Tesco brands will divert the mother of Family B in regarding the income to choose and buy the Tesco brands product. Example of product such as paper rolls, detergents and necessary goods. The factor that affected the decision making is from the promotions provided by the Tesco Choice and income. The location of the department store also is convenient for this family B , who lives nearby. Therefore purchasing goods and food supply from place has become a decision towards the family groceries . Family (C) purchase of Insurance. The insurance plan for the Family C is made purchase under the decision of the father and mother. The parent of this Family C made the purchase of the insurance for this family base of few consideration. The consideration of family protection of financial assist of the insurance. The decision is made with assist of specialized sales person towards the different plans available. The decision was made under the perception of safety. The plan bought of this Family C is the third party insurance for the vehicle for emergency purposes. The plan and price to purchase this insurance was reasonable due the perception and exposure of the importance of issuing insurance from socially. Therefore the purchase was made. Factors that affected this family towards the decision making was the promotional ,price and perception of social recommendation. The ability for the family purchase the insurance plan is flexible and promising towards the family. 1.1 Income affects the decision making. Product, Price ,Promotion and place can affect the decision made in the family. The product innovations with reasonable price do trigger the consumer interest to purchase. Family will then consider with information from the market place during the decision making process. Finally making the final purchase base of the income available from the family to support the decision. The income also become the factor to affect the family decision making process. The purchase of vehicle of in Family A is strongly affected by the family income. The capability to purchase with final decision was made by the father. Family B who also affected by income to purchase goods and home appliance base of income. The mother as housewife who depending on his son to support the living of family in order to purchase the goods. Finally the purchase of insurance for vehicle in Family C. Income will affect the final decision of purchasing even though the price ,promotion and product is attractive for the family. Therefore the income earn by family can change the behaviour of the family to purchase goods and service. 1.2 Product, price ,promotions and place as influence to purchase. 1.2.1 Product. The family who made decision towards the purchase are influence by thius factor. The product innovation and creditability. The purchaser is more attracted towards the innovation of product with the ability to purchase from income. For example the Honda car and Tesco choice brands in Family A B. 1.2.2 Price The reasonable price of Honda car comparing to a Proton Inspira. The price is more attractive purchasing the Honda with the creditability of the company and brand. Therefore the Family A was influenced by the price factor. The price of goods sold from the Tesco choice was reasonable in according with income of Family B toward home appliance and food supply. Therefore the price has influence the family to make decision. 1.2.3 Promotion. The promotional of goods especially of the department store of Tesco choice have influence the Family B to purchase goods and being brand loyal to the product. The sales that created by company give opportunity for the family to finance their income and give the consumer the comfort to keep selecting the brand of the company. For example in Family B purchasing the goods from Tesco department store. 1.2.4 Place. The location of organization can influence the consumer to make the decision. The location which is strategic can give the consumer the access to the business easily. For example Family C Who purchase the insurance . The insurance company are located near to the banking of this family. Therefore the processing and enquiries are more easily for this Family C. The department store Tesco, which located at a strategic point between Medan Ipoh and Ipoh garden, has given the opportunity for Family B to choose the company products and promotions. 1.3 Decision makers influence towards family. The decision maker who made the decision towards purchasing goods can affect the family decision making process. The decision maker is a major role because the final purchase are made under their authority. The ability to search for information and gathering them will become a example for their children. Comparing the products from brand to brand and selecting the choice of product can influence the family members in demand for goods and services. The Family A , who experience the post purchase will allow the children to understand that post purchase is part of a purchasing process. These behaviours can affect to educate the younger consumers to be knowledge able towards consumption needs from the market. The familys decision maker have indirectly showed examples and probably become a memory for the family member to understand the purchasing behaviour and condition of products and services from the market place. Therefore the behaviour of consumption in family is careful towards purchasing. The perception and belief of consuming a product in market place will be learnt from family members. 1.4 Conclusion Consumption needs are different from family to family. The way the family purchases are unique. Information and accessibility to purchase are important for family. The decision maker is a major role because the final purchase are made under their authority. Decision makers do make their decision base of the factors from product quality, price, promotions and place to access the product. The influence the decision maker in family will educate and provide the example for the family members. The behaviour of consumption in family will be influenced by the decision makers. The ability to search information, comparing and contrasting the product and services and finally purchasing the item. Question 4. Friends and society opinion on products and services are always one of the factor influencing individual buying behaviour, comment on how Facebook enhance the impact from friends and society towards buying behaviour. 2. 0 Introduction. Facebook is a social network from the internet. It is one of a facility for users to connect with friends and develop a society from the internet world. The Facebook allows users to be expose to a few factors that can influence an individual consumption behaviour.This is because of the opinions and comments from Facebooks friends and society can change the individual perception to purchase a product initially. The usage of Facebook which become a important usage in this millennium will impact consumers. This is because Facebook do not only provide a connection for friends and society to connect together, but also to business entrepreneurs to advertise their products and service using this facility. Therefore the communication from business to audience are wide in Facebook. The individual will be expose to the business advertisements. 2.1 Friends and Society impact towards individual buying behaviour. The friends in the society is a part of the influence impact towards an individual in a buying behaviour. The factors to this mostly come from the belief and perception of friends which give affirmation towards the product an individual wishes to buy. Friends with similar interest towards the product can affect the product of a company. The belief and perception as a factor in the social is crucial. Therefore the product features are important towards the consumer. The society consist of the expert and novice consumer. The expert consumer are the consumer who are knowledgeable towards the particular product and services. Therefore this mean that, this category of consumer are consider the tester of products and services before the novice. The impact happen when the novice seeks the information from peers. Thus this acts as the influence towards the interested individual. The example of purchasing the soft drinks. The novice user in a social enviroment is interested in purchasing the soft drink of few selections, but with consideration, the search of information from the peers happen. The expert user as the peers can be a user of the product which suggest the novice user to which class of product to purchase. Therefore the individual make the purchase base of this social influence factor. The impact is positive and negative impact. With the negative reviews will change the decision made by the individual. Whereas the positive will persuade the individual to purchase. Emotional consumers. The impact of emotion towards consumer can affect the consumers rationality to consume a product and service. Therefore consumers are not always rational because they are driven by their emotions. Environment and persuasion can affect the consumer to make a decision. Friends and society is one of the influences which can affect a potential purchaser to make a decision to purchase other than the information available from the product. 2.2 Perception exposure through Facebook Facebook the world famous social network is one of the influence towards a consumer purchasing behaviour. This is because , the usage of Facebook have allow consumers to share their experience of particular product or services among their friends. The experiences from users who have tried the product may experience a good or negative experience. Therefore may allow other friends to notice the particular brand or product as a critic of precaution for other users. Base on the ability of the social network of Facebook which allow user to share their thoughts. It has allow the tester to voice out. Novice user will develop a belief and perception towards the particular brand or product. The novice user may purchase those product base of the belief developed and experience shared by experience users. These is the external influence on the consumers purchasing behaviour. Therefore the purchasing behaviour is influenced by the usage of Facebook. The exposure of Facebook with the information shared through different users and friends in this society will create the consumer to be knowledgeable towards the particular product and service on the market. Among of various purchasing behaviour such as, contrasting and comparing, information search, and post purchase of product will be learnt and practiced by the consumer. Example of how consumer shares their perception to other potential consumers. ALL about Ipoh.jpg Diagram: Consumer Andrew Chin trying to advise other users to avoid base of experience. 2.3 Facebook as a business tool. The usage of Facebook is not only the influence factor toward an individual belief system and perception but acted a tool for business owner to sell and network their services and product. Information will be shared and given out to subscribers of the account. Certain groups and social friends may own business related accounts. Therefore, the business owner have opportunity to market their product and service using this internet facility. The business owner will use the facility and provide information to the potential users who have subscribed to their group. The information will be given out from the business owner to their potential consumer. Consumer will then be gathering the information before they make a decision and finally towards the purchasing of the product or service. An example of this activity is the advertising of the company. The data not just will be reaching to selected group but almost everyone who uses this internet facility. Advertising ability from the Facebook, will give the consumer the information they seek. Some of the information will be needed some are newer information which consumers do not know. Therefore, the consumer will have the memory towards the product and services intended for sale. Example of business organization , uses the Facebook facility to reach the consumer. 2.4 Change of attitude towards purchasing behaviour. The Facebook usage can change the attitude to purchase a good and service in a consumer. The habit and memory shared among other users and organization will allow the individual to purchase using the Internet. Purchasing from the internet is a way to buy and shop for consumers. Consumer will divert the habit to go to the retail stores and begin to purchase directly from the recommendations of organization with their business webpage, with accredited merchants. Therefore the habitual form of going to retail will be limited. Organization have intelligently market the product towards the potential consumers. Consumer will be expose to organization brand and knowledgeable towards the product the organization have produced to supply for consumers. The merchandised sold to consumer this way will allow the consumer to experience a different purchasing behaviour thus, the post purchasing of merchandize from a webpage are more legal with the paper works. Comparing towards purchasing from a retail store, the sales person may not be attending to job at different hours of time. The conflict of merchandise from organization and consumer will be limited from the purchasing behaviour. 2.5 Consumers memory impact from Facebook. Although purchasing from the internet as an option, consumer also do purchase from regular store. The purchase process which consist of encoding , strorage and retrieval of memory before a purchase is made is within the consumer. The consumer who often expose to the updates of the information may have stored the memory of information given and proceeds to purchase the merchandise . The usage of the memory as information will assist the consumer to make a decision. A purchase will take place due to the decision made during encoding the information given. The habit and attitude of consumer will adapt towards how the consumer perception and experience as a memory to purchase goods. The memory can turn into a long term memory for the consumer. 3.0 Conclusion. Exposure to information can change the decision make by an individual. The positive or negative review towards a product can influence the consumer to either purchase and not. The negative review may not only make the purchaser to not purchase but is bad for business. The users of Facebook are more expose to free information provided by business owners individually through Facebook. It is very efficient. The Facebook can impact and change the consumer purchasing behaviour. The regular purchasing behaviour from the store can change and persuade the individual to experience the internet purchase. Facebook as a tool for business is beneficial. The user of Facebook can be knowledge able consumers and create healthy consumption behaviour in the society.