What evidence is there that the Iliad was composed before the art of Research Paper

What evidence is there that the Iliad was composed before the art of writing was applied to the composition of poetry - Research Paper Example The two sets of evidence are considered together with the intention of finding a definitive answer to this question. In the introduction to the text of the poem in English G.S. Kirk points out that the Greeks started to use writing around 725 B.C. which was relatively late compared to their neighbours, the Mesopotamians who had used their cuneiform script for some thousand years already. (Kirk, 2008, p. ix). Using items like figure scenes and vases, quotations in other poets, and mention of the Iliad and Odyssey in other surviving writings, Kirk notes that historians have dated the composition of The Iliad been around this time, or possibly as late as 680 B.C,. Archaeological evidence and historic individuals mentioned in the text would suggest that the battles between the Greeks and the Trojans which are described in the poem took place another 600 years before the time of Homer, around 1200 B.C. This means that a very long time had passed before the material came to be worked on by Homer. It is theoretically possible that even older oral versions existed on which Homer perhaps based his work. There is no evidence of this, however, and so older sources have to remain a speculation. It is clear that in the time of Homer, Greek civilization was not heavily dependent on writing. There are some inscriptions from this period but they are very brief. The technical limitations of the early Greek script made it unlikely that Homer could have made much use of it as a writing aid for such a long poem, according to Kirk. Moreover, Kirk points out that the audience for the poem were certainly not readers: â€Å" He (= Homer) composed for people who were essentially non-literate, who listened to poetry as their ancestors had†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Kirk, 2008, p. x) This dating evidence proves that there was plenty of poetry existing in written form before Homer came along. The Epic of Gilgamesh, for example, was written in Sumerian script, and dates from around 2000 B.C., well be fore the Trojan wars. The Iliad was composed in Greek many centuries after this, and so in an absolute sense it is not true to say that it was composed before anyone had used writing for poetry. In a local and Greek sense, however, this is a possibility worth investigation, because the Greeks may indeed have composed, performed, heard,and preserved The Iliad in only oral form. Scholars have carefully studied the surviving text of The Iliad to try and work out if there are clues to its origin in the way it is written. The presence of many formulaic phrases which are repeated again and again is explained as a feature of oral literature: the hexameter form requires that a certain rhythm be maintained, and so these ready-made little phrases are called upon to fill spaces in the poetic line in a predictable way. An example of this is the way the named characters in the epic have a little descriptive phrase attached to them such as â€Å"Agamemnon, Atreus’ son† (Book 1, p. 1 ) which is varied as â€Å"The son of Atreus,/ ruler of the great plain, Agamemnon†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Book 1, p. 3) or â€Å"†¦ son of Atreus, tamer of horses (Book 2, p. 18). These epithets add interest to the story because the heroes are mentioned often, and it could become even more repetitive if the simple names were used without these variations. Finnegan explains the so-called â€Å"Homeric epithet† as a structural device: â€Å"The poet had at his disposal this series of traditional patterns built up over

Financial Instruments & Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial Instruments & Markets - Essay Example The existing stockholders are amenable to fund this amount. This can be done by issuing additional shares, and exercising the rights issue, wherein existing stockholders have the first prerogative to subscription rights; this means they are invited to subscribe cash for new shares in proportion to its existing shares. Rights issue simply means, for example: a one-in-four rights, is offering stockholders one share for every four shares they currently hold. Issuing additional shares of stocks to fund all the requirements is not advisable because of the difficulty with having too many stockholders. Too many stockholders make the complexity of direction and managing the governing board too difficult. It would be hard to make simple decisions because new stockholders may like to have their own positions in the company as there is also politics in directorship, thus the management lose a certain portion of its power. (Business Link) The beauty of equity financing as against bond and debentures is that it is devoted to the business or projects and company only pay investors if the business is doing well. It does not require monthly or periodic payments to investors, only periodic interests thru dividends. The company will not have to be burdened of servicing bank debts or debt finance for allowing use of their funds. The disadvantages seen in equity financing is this method is time consuming, demanding, and costly, and may take away the manager’s time away from the company; and the process will require the company to divulge to potential investors the company’s secrets such as background, programs, and forecasts (Barclay, Britt, 27 October 2011), 3. Installation of equipment in the amount of $150 million. This requires a long term financing, and since it fall s above the equity shares to be issued by the company, issuance of debentures is

Breathe Right Strips Essay -- Chronic Nasal Congestion Health CNS Essa

Breath Right Strips Introduction According to the text, Breathe Right Strips were invented by Bruce Johnson, a chronic nasal congestion sufferer. Mr. Johnson Brought his creation to CNS Inc. CNS took the product and primarily marketed it to sports teams, nasal sufferers and night-time snorers. The product really became prominent when Jerry Rice of the San Francisco 49ers wore the product in the Super Bowl. According to cns.com, Breathe Right Strips is also available in vapor strips, clear and tan strips, and nasal strips for kids. Some of the other products include nasal spray, throat spray, fiberchoice and a portable vaporizer. Armed with these few, but strong products in 1995 CNS, decided to go global. Summary of the Facts The facts are that that there are advantages and disadvantages of CNS going global with the product. The advantages are that CNS can attempt to increase its market share and not have to rely on only domestic dollars, partnerships can begin to develop between local suppliers, and they can avoid costs of domestic licensing. The disadvantages are that there are local customs that need to be considered, the lack of name recognition of the brand, there may be stronger global competition, the international company may be used to different marketing, and there may be different trade regulations. The decision for CNS to go global takes careful analysis and an international strategy. Analysis The strategy that CNS decided to use is the three-stage approach. Stage 1 is Explore/test concept. Stage two is the Establish the product, and stage three is Manage the product. Using the SWOT analysis, I will analyze their marketing approach as it pertains to entering international territory. The strengths are that breathe right has already shown that it could successfully market the product in North America and make it a success. They have proven that they can package the product to tailor it to the international market, which would allow then to penetrate the market and refine messages for the local market as spelled out in stage 2 of their strategy. They have the ability to identify potential partners in the local global markets. When they first entered the global market, they partner with 3M, who had a handle on the marketing practices of the global market. According to The Business Journal, they regained control of their ... ...ons to attract people that are unaware of the product. They can also opt to do what they have always done, because the product is successful. To take the do-nothing approach is dreadful, because the competition is out there lurking, just waiting for CNS to rest on their laurels. Conclusion The CNS Company is already a successful company due to the achievements of its breathing right strips. In my analysis we learned that they already do a lot of things right. What they need to be aware of is the different economical situations in the global marketplace, there are different ways that the product is approved abroad, and there is competition lurking. CNS needs to continue to leverage their strengths, but capitalize on their opportunities and benchmark the competition. Works Cited Kerin, Hartley, Berkowitz, and Rudelius. Marketing McGraw Hill 8th Edition â€Å"CNS Inc. to regain control of Breathe Right international sales from 3M† The Business Journal Minneapolis-St.Paul: 11 Oct. 1999 â€Å"Innovative Solutions to Everyday Problems† 2004 http://www.cns.com/products/products.html â€Å"1-2-3 Breathe† 2004 http://www.ginmiller.com/gmf04/gmfstore/healthbeauty/123breeathe.htm Breathe Right Strips Essay -- Chronic Nasal Congestion Health CNS Essa Breath Right Strips Introduction According to the text, Breathe Right Strips were invented by Bruce Johnson, a chronic nasal congestion sufferer. Mr. Johnson Brought his creation to CNS Inc. CNS took the product and primarily marketed it to sports teams, nasal sufferers and night-time snorers. The product really became prominent when Jerry Rice of the San Francisco 49ers wore the product in the Super Bowl. According to cns.com, Breathe Right Strips is also available in vapor strips, clear and tan strips, and nasal strips for kids. Some of the other products include nasal spray, throat spray, fiberchoice and a portable vaporizer. Armed with these few, but strong products in 1995 CNS, decided to go global. Summary of the Facts The facts are that that there are advantages and disadvantages of CNS going global with the product. The advantages are that CNS can attempt to increase its market share and not have to rely on only domestic dollars, partnerships can begin to develop between local suppliers, and they can avoid costs of domestic licensing. The disadvantages are that there are local customs that need to be considered, the lack of name recognition of the brand, there may be stronger global competition, the international company may be used to different marketing, and there may be different trade regulations. The decision for CNS to go global takes careful analysis and an international strategy. Analysis The strategy that CNS decided to use is the three-stage approach. Stage 1 is Explore/test concept. Stage two is the Establish the product, and stage three is Manage the product. Using the SWOT analysis, I will analyze their marketing approach as it pertains to entering international territory. The strengths are that breathe right has already shown that it could successfully market the product in North America and make it a success. They have proven that they can package the product to tailor it to the international market, which would allow then to penetrate the market and refine messages for the local market as spelled out in stage 2 of their strategy. They have the ability to identify potential partners in the local global markets. When they first entered the global market, they partner with 3M, who had a handle on the marketing practices of the global market. According to The Business Journal, they regained control of their ... ...ons to attract people that are unaware of the product. They can also opt to do what they have always done, because the product is successful. To take the do-nothing approach is dreadful, because the competition is out there lurking, just waiting for CNS to rest on their laurels. Conclusion The CNS Company is already a successful company due to the achievements of its breathing right strips. In my analysis we learned that they already do a lot of things right. What they need to be aware of is the different economical situations in the global marketplace, there are different ways that the product is approved abroad, and there is competition lurking. CNS needs to continue to leverage their strengths, but capitalize on their opportunities and benchmark the competition. Works Cited Kerin, Hartley, Berkowitz, and Rudelius. Marketing McGraw Hill 8th Edition â€Å"CNS Inc. to regain control of Breathe Right international sales from 3M† The Business Journal Minneapolis-St.Paul: 11 Oct. 1999 â€Å"Innovative Solutions to Everyday Problems† 2004 http://www.cns.com/products/products.html â€Å"1-2-3 Breathe† 2004 http://www.ginmiller.com/gmf04/gmfstore/healthbeauty/123breeathe.htm

Interview Mental Health Counselors Essay

For many years, the role of the mental health counselor has worked behind the seams trying to provide the much need help to special clients, or under privileged families and his or her siblings. The first interview was very interesting, this particular gentlemen was willing to provide answers for the questions asked of him. First he stated that working in the mental health field for 25 years. Held other positions such as child protective services, social worker, rehabilitation counselor, case manager, group home counselor, psychiatric unit worker, and school counselor, (Hunter, 2013). He stated it was an immense and rewarding to assist families with young children or help a disabled individual access a resource for additional support. Personally, achieving the goals of becoming a Licensed Professional Counselor, National Certified Counselor, and National Certified Counselor, and National Board School Counselor have been very rewarding, (Hunter, 2013). He continues to attend workshops and currently working on PhD in mental health counseling education. The counseling theory cognitive-behavioral. By remaining clam and allowing the parent or client the opportunity to vent/talk and give the reason that they are upset and what is needed for them to calm down. It the clients has an issue or concern beyond my scope of practice or expertise. The client’s problem evokes personal feelings that would jeopardize his ethical and objectivity in working with the individual. No new programs at this time. It is extremely difficult as a mental health counselor with the other mandated duties. Group counseling is very important and can be beneficial to many students. Most  school and other organizations in which I work for are receptive to working groups into a schedule, (Hunter, 2013). Family time, vacations, resting, and relaxing, reading, attending church, and listening to music. By making certain that what he or she is doing ethical, morale, and researched-based practices to achieve the best results. The level of clients and students as it give me the opportunity to assist parents with building a strong positive foundation for everyone. This assists them with success throughout his or her life. Assist the student or clients to be empathetic and think about the other individual’s point of view and what can be done to bridge the issues that may be at the center of the conflicts. Assisting school administrators in creating a warm, friendly, caring, and nurturing environment in which all stakeholders are appreciated and valued. The counselor should work with students in need of conflict resolution skills and anger management issues as well as preventing bullying and enforcing the state and national bullying policies. By encouraging students to go back to class and follow teacher’s directions to receiving getting an education will help him or her be successful. Inspiring and motivating individuals to pursue the counseling field as an area of study, (Hunter, 2013). The other person interview was a mental health counselor for 20 years dealing with the domestic violence. The counselor actually could see client’s make the transformation from an abuser to someone who takes responsibility and is accountable for his or her actions. The most rewarding experience is to see a person emerge from his or her comfort zone, try the strategies and to have those strategies to work for him or her. As a counselor, you must be able to sell new ways or ideas to the people you are working with, (Solomon, 2013). It seems as though things change daily in this field, either with your reimbursement agencies or through the state. One thing that counselors are required to do is to obtain 45 hours of CEU’s every two years to renew your license. In addition to those hours, read studies, journals, books, and talk with other to stay on top of the counseling field. The counseling theory is CBT. It is widely used because it is an action theory that required that clients work at becoming better. Assignments are given to the client to do after the session is over, and it works well if the client will do as suggested, (Solomon, 2013). When dealing, with an irate client the first step will always be verbal de-escalation. If this does not work, you may have your partner to  walk with the client because you almost are the source of anger for the client. Also it is never a good idea to be in a building alone with a client for that very reason. Never put your hands on a client! Refer a person to another professional when his or her problem is beyond your scope of expertise. If the client begin to exhibit motions counterproductive to him or her getting better. This interviewee stated that she handles stress by reading, listen to music and sometimes â€Å"shop-talk† with coworkers. Exercise is also a good stress reliever! As for dealing with personality conflicts, she would have to see who is involved, (Solomon, 2013). Once this has been established the counselor will be able to obtain that person to make the necessary adjustments to be civil toward the other. Both interviewees stated in motivating other, he or she would try to find his or her person out of his or her comfort zone. What ultimately makes is accompanied in a mutual search to see who gets who he is and decide from their privacy (Whiston, 2008). Conclusion In conclusion, to my surprise and understanding, as prior interviewee, family issues, and problems have a significant impact upon the decisions being made. This is because blood relations have been for quite some time, yet we must keep all our feelings and emotions aside and give out neutral, justified decisions, which would somehow benefit the person and make the life of the counselor easier in the light of giving decisions for better judgment, understanding, and comprehension. References Hunter, J. (2013, January 24). Interviewed by L. Hendricks Solomon, Y. (2013, January 26). Interviewed by L. Hendricks Whiston, S.C. and Rahardja, D. (2008) â€Å"Vocational counseling process and outcome in S. Brown and R. Lent (Eds.)† Handbook of counseling psychology, (4th ed). NY: Wiley

Traditional Grammar - 6238 Words

In linguistics, traditional grammar is a theory of the structure of language based on ideas Western societies inherited from ancient Greek and Roman sources. The term is mainly used to distinguish these ideas from those of contemporary linguistics. In the English-speaking world at least, traditional grammar is still widely taught in elementary schools. |Contents | |1 History | |2 Key concepts | |3 Controversy | |4 References | [pic][edit] History Traditional grammar is not a unified theory that attempts to explain the structure of all languages with a unique set of concepts (as is the aim of linguistics). There are different†¦show more content†¦Introduction | |[pic] |aims, audience, and how to buy the printed version | | |[pic] | |[pic] |2.Show MoreRelatedGrammar Is The Foundation Of The Majority Of Our Literary Works Throughout The Years.887 Words   |  4 PagesGrammar is the foundation of the majority of our literary works throughout the years. Although as teaching styles evolve throughout time, the instruction of grammar should evolve as well. An article in The Atlantic, â€Å"The Wrong Way to Teach Grammar,† by Michelle Navarre Cleary, touches base on how grammar lessons today should be learned through the use of creative writing rather than more traditional means of grammar instruction. Her article does well as she connects the reader logically and emotionallyRead MoreCelta Assignment 21098 Words   |  5 Pagespartners and monitor. Example 3: If scientist invented a pill which, if you took it, would keep you awake for ever, would you take it? (Grammar) Meaning The If scientist invented a pill in this grammar structure means there is a possible scenario where something can happen and it is a possibility, but not probable. The would you take it? In this grammar structure is a question asking about a possible situation with conditions coming from the first part of this sentence. If it was possible willRead MoreSimilarities and Differences Between Prescriptive and Descriptive Grammars888 Words   |  4 PagesGrammar contributes to the meaningful linkage between words and phrases, making sense of a language semantically in a socially agreed framework. To achieve this, rules and principles are laid down to produce a uniform structure of a language usage. Concerning about social acceptability, different theories have been employed to result in different types of grammatical description (O’Halloran, Coffin 2005). Meanwhile, as language is in a constant state of flux in terms of phonetics, morphology, semanticRead MoreGrammar Translation Method2074 Words   |  9 PagesThe Grammar - Translation Method[1] Introduction As the names of some of its leading exponents suggest (Johann Seidenstucker, Karl Plotz, H. S. 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Can’t=Cannot, She’ll=She will Dialect The distinctive grammar and vocabulary which is associated with a regional or social use of a language. Dialect The distinctive grammar and vocabulary which is associated with a regional or social use of a language. Deixis/ Deictics Words which refer backwards or forwards or outside a text – a sort of verbal pointingRead MoreStereotyping Is A Natural Instinct That Humans1688 Words   |  7 Pageslanguage to English then it will be more accepted and will offer AAVE speakers a more equal opportunity on assessments. AAVE may not follow all the the traditional rules of grammar, but it should still be recognized as its own grammatically correct language. All the words used in AAVE can be â€Å"clearly identified in Standard English too, and most of AAVE grammar is the same as that of Standard English† (Pullum, 1999). 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The 1st characteristic feature of Grammar is its abstract character (it abstracts itself from particular concrete and builds its rules laws, taking into consideration only common features of groups and words). The 2nd characteristic feature of Grammar is stability

How Psychology Affects The Work Of General Practitioners...

Investigate how psychology can be used to understand specific behaviours, and examine how it can be applied to the work of General Practitioners and social workers Psychodynamic - Strengths and Limitations: Strengths- †¢ Defence Mechanisms, this allows other to relate one thing to another by putting a reason behind it, for example if a child is seen to be abusive towards an animal then it can be viewed as displacement from maybe their home life and it would mean that professionals would need to look into it as a child could be getting abused and taking their anger out on animals. †¢ Free association, by using free association it allows professional to be able to tell someone’s state of mind, they can tell this by saying a word and the†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Biased Sample, the sample in which Freud used was biased in all aspects as he only used women who were his own patients, they also all had mental health issues. His one other study of little Hans was also the only sample he did on a child. †¢ Rejects Free will, This approach does not allow any evidence of the use of free will, this is because it does not allow for any biological processes that may take part. How can doctors and social workers use this theory? Doctors- †¢ Doctors can use this approach as they can talk through free association and maybe uncover why a person is feeling the way they are. Free association is a technique used in psychoanalytic therapy to help patients learn more about what they are thinking and feeling. This is where the professional says a word and the service user has to say the first words that come into their head. A doctor would not specifically have the qualifications to deal with this so they would refer the service user to a counsellor. Social workers- †¢ This approach can be used by social workers as they can look at not just the service user but they can also look at the family and their environment, as this would give them an idea to their upbringing, as see if that could be influences their behaviour. How can this theory be used to explain addictions and depression? The psychodynamic approach highlight how important childhood it, and with knowing this if there was any disruption to the growth and development of a child they

Happy Mushroom Marketing Plan - 2236 Words

MARKETING PLAN I. BACKGROUND A. MARKET SITUATION Freshly packed mushroom products, Happy Mushroom comes with two varieties -- the fresh mushroom and dried mushroom, specifically oyster, shitake, straw and button mushroom, carefully packed every morning. The revolutionary Mushroom contains about 80 to 90 % water and is very low in calories. It is also an excellent source of potassium and somehow reduces breast cancer and prostate cancer. And its re-sealable and biodegradable packaging makes it very useful and earth-friendly, Specifically, Happy Mushroom offers the following benefits: * Health supplement for cardiovascular support * Immune modulation and lowering of cholesterol * Stimulate the immune system and help†¦show more content†¦In this age of fitness and form, health-conscious generation has brought the dietary products back in the limelight, and its rising popularity is attributed to the abundance of nutritional plants in the Philippines, which are beneficial to the body: provides health supplement for cardiovascular support, immune modulation and lowering of cholesterol, stimulate the immune system and help fighting infection an also demonstrate anti-tumor activity. 2. House to house selling and availability in Market Stalls. Our primary target market is Household families, who seek new ingredients, new recipes for their family, thus we are taking this opportunity to serve them through our house to house selling. And also we will be placing our mushroom products to different vegetable stalls in different baranggays. Threats We face these main threats at the introduction of Happy Mushrooms. 1. Dense competition of Mushroom Farms in Tagaytay area. Many farms were been established long before the launching of Happy Mushroom farm in Tagaytay area. Same product category, close range of pricing but not all of the benefits of Happy Mushroom products. Therefore, our marketing communication must stress out the clear product differentiation and the great value-for-price advantage. 2. High inflation in dietary products. The country’s high inflation rates can affect the production, sales, and revenue of our product. Objectives and Issues First Year Objectives. 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